A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Vision

Over the past decade, deep learning has revolutionized conventional tasks that rely on hand-craft feature extraction with its strong feature learning capability, leading to substantial enhancements in traditional tasks. However, deep neural networks (DNNs) have been demonstrated to be vulnerable to adversarial examples crafted by malicious tiny noise, which is imperceptible to human observers but can make DNNs output the wrong result. Existing adversarial attacks can be categorized into digital and physical adversarial attacks. The former is designed to pursue strong attack performance in lab environments while hardly remaining effective when applied to the physical world. In contrast, the latter focus on developing physical deployable attacks, thus exhibiting more robustness in complex physical environmental conditions. Recently, with the increasing deployment of the DNN-based system in the real world, strengthening the robustness of these systems is an emergency, while exploring physical adversarial attacks exhaustively is the precondition. To this end, this paper reviews the evolution of physical adversarial attacks against DNN-based computer vision tasks, expecting to provide beneficial information for developing stronger physical adversarial attacks. Specifically, we first proposed a taxonomy to categorize the current physical adversarial attacks and grouped them. Then, we discuss the existing physical attacks and focus on the technique for improving the robustness of physical attacks under complex physical environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss the issues of the current physical adversarial attacks to be solved and give promising directions

Sequential solvent extraction for the modes of occurrence of selenium in coals of different ranks from the Huaibei Coalfield, China

Forms of selenium in bituminous coal, anthracite, and cokeite (natural coke) from Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui, China, have been determined by sequential solvent extraction. The selenium content in bulk samples is 4.0, 2.4, and 2.0 μg/g in bituminous coal, anthracite, and cokeite, respectively. The six forms of selenium determined by six-step solvent extraction are water-leachable, ion-exchangeable, organic matter-associated, carbonate-associated, silicate-associated, and sulfide-associated. The predominant forms of selenium in bituminous coal are organic matter-associated (39.0%), sulfide-associated (21.1%), and silicate bound (31.8%); these three forms account for 92% of the total. The organic matter bound-selenium decrease dramatically from bituminous coal (39.0%) to anthracite (11.6%) and to cokeite (0%), indicating that organic matter bound selenium is converted to other forms during metamorphism of the coal, most likely sulfide-form. The sulfide-associated form increased remarkably from bituminous coal (21.1%) to anthracite (50.4%) and cokeite (54.5%), indicating the formation of selenium sulfide, possibly in pyrite during the transformation of bituminous coal to anthracite and cokeite. The silicate-associated selenium in bituminous coal (31.8%) is much higher than that in anthracite (16.4%) and cokeite (15.8%), indicating that silicate-associated selenium is partly converted to sulfide during metamorphism

Distribution of environmentally sensitive elements in residential soils near a coal-fired power plant: Potential risks to ecology and children's health

One hundred and twelve soil samples were collected from residential areas surrounding a coal-fired power plant at Huainan City, Anhui Province, China. The concentrations of environmentally sensitive elements (ESEs As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in soil samples were determined, and their potential ecological and health risks were assessed. Mean concentrations of ESEs in the downwind soils of the power plant are relatively higher than those in the upwind soils, pointing to a potential ESEs input from coal combustion. The calculated ecological risk of ESEs in soils indicates a relatively low ecological risk. Hazard quotient (HQ) of ESEs in downwind soils is 1.5, suggesting a potential health risk for children. However, the carcinogenic risk values of ESEs in soils are within the acceptable non-hazardous range of 1E-06-1E-04. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Distribution of trace elements in feed coal and combustion residues from two coal-fired power plants at Huainan, Anhui, China

The rapid expansion of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) in China has produced huge volume of toxic elements associated combustion residues, which pose great threat to local environment. In this study, feed coal, fly ash, bottom ash and FGD gypsum samples were collected from two different CFPPs at Huainan, Anhui, China. Feed coal and combustion residues were morphologically and mineralogically characterized by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive microanalyser and X-ray diffraction. Concentrations of thirteen major and trace elements in these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (B, Ti, Mn, Ni and Zn), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn and V) and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (As). The results show that most of the trace elements were concentrated in the fly ash, only Fe and Mn were enriched in the bottom ash. The diameters of ash particles removed by the electrostatic precipitator were in an inverse relationship with the enrichment factors of most trace elements. To address possible exposure of combustion residues in the environment, laboratory controlled leaching tests were carried out on fly ash and gypsum to understand the environmental behaviors of these elements. Both fly ash and gypsum were identified as not-hazardous wastes.</p

Distribution and fate of environmentally sensitive elements (arsenic, mercury, stibium and selenium) in coal-fired power plants at Huainan, Anhui, China

The present study has investigated the distribution of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), stibium (Sb) and selenium (Se) in feed coal and its combustion by-products in two pulverized coal-fired power plants at Huainan city, Anhui province, China, both of which burned the bituminous coals. Experimental analysis of simultaneously sampled coal, bottom ash, fly ash and FGD products showed that the concentrations of As, Hg, Sb and Se in coal were in the ranges of typical Chinese power plants reported by others publications. Mercury was found to be the most volatile, whereas Sb was the least volatile. The overall material balances of As, Hg, Sb and Se were established based on the operation parameters of their respective boiler. The average removal efficiencies of As, Hg, Sb and Se by the ESP unit were 83%, 16%, 100%, and 72%, respectively, whereas those by the FGD process were 61%, 80%, 0% and 55%, respectively. The stack emission proportions of As, Hg and Se were 6%, 17% and 13%, respectively. And the total annual emissions of As, Hg and Se from two coal-fired power plants were estimated at 0.46 t, 0.04 t and 2.27 t, respectively.</p

Distribution of environmentally sensitive elements in residential soils near a coal-fired power plant: Potential risks to ecology and children's health

One hundred and twelve soil samples were collected from residential areas surrounding a coal-fired power plant at Huainan City, Anhui Province, China. The concentrations of environmentally sensitive elements (ESEs As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in soil samples were determined, and their potential ecological and health risks were assessed. Mean concentrations of ESEs in the downwind soils of the power plant are relatively higher than those in the upwind soils, pointing to a potential ESEs input from coal combustion. The calculated ecological risk of ESEs in soils indicates a relatively low ecological risk. Hazard quotient (HQ) of ESEs in downwind soils is 1.5, suggesting a potential health risk for children. However, the carcinogenic risk values of ESEs in soils are within the acceptable non-hazardous range of 1E-06-1E-04.</p

Geochemistry and mineralogy of coal samples from Dingji Mine, Huainan Coalfield, China

To investigate the geochemistry of trace elements in coals from the Dingji Mine of the Huainan Coalfield, Anhui province, China, 416 borehole samples of coal, one parting, two floor and two roof mudstones were collected from 9 minable coal seams in 24 boreholes drilled during exploration. The abundances of 47 elements in each sample were determined by various instruments. The boron concentration in the coals suggests that marine influence decreased from coal seam 1 to 13-1. The geometric means of the elements Sn, Bi, Sb, and B are higher than the average for the corresponding elements in the coals from China, the U.S., and world. The enrichment of certain elements in the Shanxi or Upper Shihezi Formations is related to their depositional environment. The roof, floor and parting samples have higher contents of some elements than coal seams. The mineral matters in the coals from the Dingji Mine were found to consist mainly of granular quartz, clay minerals, and carbonate minerals. The elements are classified into two groups based on their stratigraphic distribution from coal seam 1 to 13-1, and the characteristics of each group are discussed. Based on the correlation coefficients of elemental concentrations with ash yield, four groups of elements with different affinities were identified